The Charity Organization Society - 2239 Words

1. The Charity Organization Society was based in the scientific movement of organizations. Workers believed that charity work needed more definition and organization and that charity should be focused more on individual need rather than as a whole population. Focusing on individual need was intended to improve relief operations while making resources more efficient. They also intended to eliminate public outdoor relief. With the promotion of more organization and efficiency the new Charity Organization Societies were born. Trattner states that these new requirements for organization and efficiency spread so â€Å"rapidly that within 6 years 25 cities had such organizations and by the turn of the century there were some 138 of them in†¦show more content†¦This evidence made it clear that dependency was linked to misfortune rather than misconduct (Trattner, 1999). The new conclusions about poverty made way for reform in poverty relief; within this reform where the roots of t he Settlement House Movement lie. The Settlement House Movement was a response to the Charity Organization Society who had made little efforts to improve living and working conditions of the poor. Where C.O.S had â€Å"friendly visitors† Settlement House workers considered themselves social reformers rather than charity workers (Trattner, 1999). Their approach was to prevent ails that the poor suffered from such as urban living and working conditions. They also attempted to bridge the gaps between classes and races. These workers were not interested in just giving out financial or verbal relief they were trying to reform society and the way the poor were viewed. This new ideology of the Settlement House Movement was very different from that of the C.O.S who had focused on individual need rather than looking at society as a whole as a cause of poverty. Where C.O.S provided spiritual uplift the Settlement House Movement promoted social and economic change (Trattner, 1999). C.O.S workers focused on dependency while Settlement House workers were concerned with the reasons behind poverty. Settlement House workers focused on equality within their philosophy and in theirShow MoreRelatedCharities And Its Impact On Society1029 Words   |  5 PagesCHARITIES Charities can be defined as non-profit organizations created to raise money from the public to support humanitarian causes that will benefit the society at large. Their structure differs from that of the profit corporations because it does include many unpaid positions in which volunteers carry out services without a wage. Charities are governed by a board of directors, and charity law requires that, at least three directors for an incorporated charity in most jurisdictions. The governmentRead MoreWhy Religious Organizations Should Continue Not Be Taxed Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding some of the reasons why religious organizations should continue to not be taxed is not nearly as difficult as filling out the puzzle due every April 15. U.S. and state tax codes exempt all â€Å"churches,† or religious institutions, from federal income and property taxes. The government should continue to exempt religious organizations from taxes due to Constitutional law, the nec essity of consistently applying the tax code, the importance of promoting charity and protecting the vulnerable, and theRead MoreShould Welfare Be More Charity Impact On Homeless, Hungry, And Many1686 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"HOMELESS, NEED FOOD, MONEY FOR DOCTOR BILLS.† The man was rugged and could obviously use help. His right leg had been amputated, so he definitely needed assistance. One may wonder in this instance, â€Å"Where are the charities?† The groups are nowhere to be found. There should be more charity impact on homeless, hungry, and such because of instances like this. For poor or less fortunate families, philanthropic groups should finance programs such as medical assistance, housing, and food. First, philanthropicRead MoreReview Of The By Joanne Rowling1318 Words   |  6 Pagesdriven media, she has given over $160 million dollars to charity and knowingly knocked herself off the Forbes list of richest people because she has been so generous. (5) Sadly, she knew exactly what it was like to be poverty stricken which ultimately made her more likely to give her wealth away. (2) For most of her life, Joanne was a philanthropist and social activist. Social activism is voluntarily participating and being involved in charity works or community services through programs and activitiesRead MoreCsr : Csr Into Business Models1291 Words   |  6 Pagescorporate citizenship. The main motive of CSR is that the company makes profit not only for themselves while it also profitable for society. we can say that also Corporate Social Responsibility business behave ethically and contribute to economic progress while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. There are many ways business to incorporate CSR into business models. In this essay I will describe how businesses canRead MoreEssay on Case Analysis for Unitedway1605 Words   |  7 Pagesbeginning of United Way, which originated as Denver’s Charity Organization Society and expanded over 1,000 Community Chests in the late 1 940’s (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner, McNamara, 2012, p. C19). Then in 1974 their campaign, in America and Canada, exceedigngly raised over $1 billion dollars; thus, causing for the creation of the United Way International so that many countries around the world may have the ability to construct similar organizations that will benefit their nations (Dess, et al., 2012,Read MoreThe Nkf Scandal1426 Words   |  6 PagesOct ‘10 Nanyang Technological University[Type the company address] Yi Theng Lim Organization Behavior amp; Design Case Ethical Analysis NKF Singapore: Anatomy of a Crisis 08 Fall Introduction In July 2005, Singapore was shaken by a scandal involving the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), the nation’s largest charity. The scandal had surfaced many ethically controversial practices by NKF. In this paper, I will be focusing on the dilemmas surrounding NKF’S operations structureRead MoreAnalysis Of Recommended Checklist Communication For UND Student Organizations1326 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication for UND Student Organizations Audience: All of the organizations that are involved with donations and charities on the campus of UND. Strategy: The vast majority of the groups who will use this service will be members of some sort of on campus organization.   We are focusing primarily on how they can make their donations more effective. This point will be made by sticking to the following guidelines: The Student Involvement committee needs to pre-approve the student’s charity of choice StudentRead MoreEssay about PWC Corporate Social Responsibility 1469 Words   |  6 Pageswritten detailing the right approach to the problem covering different perspectives. The ideology is well developed, however, there is a lack of current case studies analyzing what is really happening in the corporate executive level to support the society. There are many mission statements written about social responsibility, however, it is essential to examine how companies approach the projects and how they educate their employees to involve them in their plans. Social responsibility can be determinedRead MoreThe Contributions Of Warren Buffett1092 Words   |  5 Pagesportion of his fortune to charities to help out people who are less fortunate than him. Warren Buffett has provided a major contribution to society because of the money that he has given to charities, the money that he has inspired others to give, and through the work that the charities are doing. First, Warren Buffett benefitted society through the money that he has given to foundations and charities. Warren Buffett has donated 1.5 billion dollars to his own charitable organization and over 674 million

Essay about Can We Stop School Violence - 1885 Words

Violence in American schools is escalating faster than a speeding bullet. Society demands that schools be safe for our children, yet recent events indicate we need to escalate our efforts to prevent violence in schools at the same time address violence in the larger community. Crises involving sudden violence in schools are traumatic in large measure because they are unexpected. The shrapnel from bullets fired on school grounds have a way of touching the lifes of many. In the wake of such a crisis, members of the school community are asked-and ask themselves-what could have been done to prevent it. Coordinated school efforts can help. But the solution does not just rest in the schools. Together we must develop solutions that are†¦show more content†¦Despite the occurrence of periodic over zealous media reports of violence on school campuses, school violence is actually on the (Kaufman et al.). The issues are more symptomatic of the widespread violence that exists in our communities. The violence in our schools is a barometer of the overall health of our communities and individual families. Changes directed at school violence must be more holistic, all-inclusive of communities and not just narrowly focused on changing the teenage perpetrators committing the acts of violence. Pre occupation with campus safety in isolation from the community has clearly overshadowed far more substantive threats to the safety of high school age residents outside of school (Chao et al.). In the 1999 Annual Report prepared jointly by the U.S. Departments of Education and Justice Department key findings were reported as: The overall school crime rates declined between 1993 and 1997 from about 155 school-related crimes for every 1,000 students ages 12 through 18 to about 102 crimes in 1997. The number of multiple-victim homicides at schools increased from one such event in 1994-95 to five in 1997-98. In 1997, serious violent crime and theft rates were down from1993 figures, both at school andShow MoreRelatedThe Problem With Gun Control976 Words   |  4 Pagescontrol, a problem that we do know the correct course of action. With laws, NRA, and groups standing on both sides of gun control, we will never see the truth. Is a good guy with a gun the best way to stop a bad guy with a gun, or can we stop them with words? Would having teachers armed with a gun stop a student, or anyone from coming on school campus and open fire? Should Americans change the law on gun control? So many questions on gun control, but no one right answer. We live in a country withRead MoreA Different View From Just Banning Guns1586 Words   |  7 Pagesreducing gun violence in a different way. Here is a quote from John Ashman saying that eliminating certain guns does not stop gun violence: All firearms by nature are deadly, so eliminating certain kinds of firearms doesn t directly address the issue in any meaningful way (Ashman para. 2). This is why we need to take a different view from just banning guns. I m here to propose a better bill that will affect our citizens for a long period of time. This bill will decrease gun violence in the UnitedRead MoreA Talk From Dr. Gilligan958 Words   |  4 Pages Video number seven featured a talk from Dr. James Gilligan about the role of violence in our society and what education can do to inhibit violence. Dr. Gilligan wrote several books on the current violence issue in the United States and used data about suicide rates and homicide rates to drive his research about the psychological trigge rs that make certain people commit crimes. He went on to explain that the reason that most people commit homicides, felonies, or suicide is due to a sense of repeatedRead MoreYouth Violence Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesyouth violence is a constant concern by millions of people all over the world. Kids seem to take up more and more space of crimes that are usually committed by adults over the age of 18. Statistics confirm that more horrendous crimes are being committed by increasingly younger children (Levine 27). These crimes committed by youths are caused by many different reasons: Poverty, neighborhoods, schools, parents, and TV, are the main concerns. But what is in most peoples minds is what we can do toRead MoreGun Violence Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pages Why is gun violence such a major issue in american and in what way could we help to stop it. It is important to consider that 12,000 people lose their lives in the U.S. each year due to gun homicides. Another thing is there has been 286 mass shootings in 2017 alone . Some more things to be put to thought is the school shootings and better ways to prevent them. Another key thing to remember is gun control and how it can be fixed. Firstly is the statistics on gun violence in America to show what negativeRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Violence1688 Words   |  7 Pages When we watch the news we see news about senseless acts of violence and acts of terrorism. Countless families mourning the death of their loved ones because of violence that spreads like wildfire. All of the tragic incidents that have occurred recently have been due to the senseless act of gun violence. The events such as the Sandy Hook Massacre and the Orlando shooting have been centered on one object; a gun. Not only are these acts of terrorism a problem but the presence of guns in our everydayRead MoreThe Stop Of Gun Violence1394 Words   |  6 Pages Another group that is advocating for the stop of gun violence is the Law Center To Prevent Gun Violence. This groups motto is â€Å"Because smart gun laws save lives†, and they dedicate the work they are trying to achieve to the victims and their families from the 101 California Street shooting in San Francisco. This organization helps to provide extensive and in-depth summaries of the United States federal, state, and local laws and policies involving firearms. They try to be the most comprehensiveRead MoreSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by anyRead MoreViolence: Leading Cause of Death Essay example601 Words   |  3 PagesViolence is the expression of physical or verbal force against self or other, compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt. Violence is every where around the world. Each year 1.6 million people world wide lose their lives to violence. Violence is among the leading causes of death for people aged 15-44 years worldwide; 14% of deaths among males and 7% among females. Neurobiologist Jan Volavka says â€Å"violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behaviorRead MoreEssay about A Stricter Gun Control Policy in America823 Words   |  4 Pagesto his mother’s school and fatally shot 20 children and 6 adult staff members. At last, he committed suicide by shooting himself. This was the deadliest mass shooting at a grade school in U.S. history, and it also lead to an intense debate about gun control in the United States. (CNN) This won’t happen if we have a strict gun control, so that the killer couldnt get the guns, but in the other hand, if the teacher has guns, they could probably stop the killing. For this problem, we need a stricter

Proliferation of Interest Groups Free Essays

string(104) " associate with not the candidate but with groups that represent their thinking and a special interest\." ThÐ µ concÐ µrn about spÐ µcial intÐ µrÐ µsts is not a nÐ µw onÐ µ, as thÐ µ framÐ µrs of thÐ µ Constitution wÐ µrÐ µ worriÐ µd about it too. ThÐ µy fÐ µarÐ µd thÐ µ powÐ µr that could bÐ µ wiÐ µldÐ µd by organizÐ µd intÐ µrÐ µsts, yÐ µt thÐ µy undÐ µrstood that thÐ µ right to organizÐ µ was basic to thÐ µ notion of frÐ µÃ µdom. This dilÐ µmma of frÐ µÃ µdom vÐ µrsus powÐ µr was a tough onÐ µ for thÐ µm. We will write a custom essay sample on Proliferation of Interest Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now ThÐ µy knÐ µw that if thÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt was given power to restrain organized interests it would be the same as the power to suppress freedom. This essay tries to answer whether proliferation of interest groups in recent decades a sign that the pluralist view of interest group representation is increasingly accurate or not. Interest group scholars began to note the proliferation of â€Å"outsider† groups at about the same time policy scholars began to question the utility of subgovernment theory. By the mid-1980s, it was widely acknowledged that the number of interest groups in the United States especially public interest groups–had exploded during the 1960s and 1970s (Walker, 1983). Pluralists had addressed the question of group mobilization years before the â€Å"advocacy explosion. † For example, in his The Governmental Process, David Truman argued that interest groups arise from two interrelated processes. First, societal change precipitates the emergence of new interests. Second, disturbances–political or economic upheavals disrupt stable patterns of interaction between individuals. In short, Truman argued that individuals with shared interests (reacting to social change and/or disturbances) band together (to stabilize relations among themselves, and between themselves and other societal interests) when these interests are threatened. By the late-1960s, Truman’s â€Å"disturbance theory† had fallen into disrepute. Interest group scholars, spurred by Olson and drawing heavily upon Clark and Wilson’s study of organizational incentives, began to examine how groups overcome the substantial barriers to mobilization. (Dine) While Olson emphasized material benefits, subsequent studies showed that solidary benefits (those derived from association in group activities) and purposive benefits (rewards associated with ideological or issue-oriented goals) also motivate group membership (Cook). Salisbury’s exchange theory (which rests upon Olson’s cost-benefit framework) is now the dominant paradigm for explaining group development (Cigler). Yet the basic â€Å"exchange theory† framework has a critical flaw: It underestimates the role of external patrons in group studies of group formation suggest that many groups –especially public interest groups –rely heavily upon patron â€Å"seed money. † For example, Walker found that 89% of (sample) public interest groups received â€Å"seed money† from foundations, large donors, the federal government, or corporations. He also found that many public interest groups rely heavily upon patrons for maintenance income. In general, public interest group proliferation has contributed mightily to the dissolution of subgovernments. There are number of factors that may help to explain both the proliferation of public interest groups and where public interest group activity is most likely. For example, pluralists argue that societal change and disturbances create conditions that foster group mobilization. In contrast, â€Å"exchange theorists† suggest that we examine group incentive structures and entrepreneurial activity to explain interest mobilization. In order to better understand the interest groups representation, one must understand the way the American government runs. There are many different systems of government structure and organization: representative democracy, pluralist democracy, elitist system, hyper pluralist, and anarchy. The United States is organized much like a typical representative democracy, but in operation, with all factors considered, it is in reality much more of a hyper pluralist society. A state in which members of diverse ethnic, racial, religious, or social groups maintain an autonomous participation in and development of their traditional culture or special interest within the confines of a common civilization is pluralistic. When those special interests form large substantial voting blocks, the pluralistic nature of the government becomes more focused on fewer interests, but represented in many areas by larger numbers of individuals. The other question you need to ask is what do mean when you say big or special interest, who and what are you referring to specifically, industries, such as oil or pharmaceutical, ethnic groups such as Hispanic or African-American, social groups such as the elderly or woman, political groups such as Democrats or Republicans or different religious groups. All of these are special interests, they just might not seem like a special interest group if you are part of them. (Ceaser) Probably the largest big interest group to consider is the political parties themselves. Political parties are the foundation of a representative democracy, acting as a â€Å"crucial link between what citizens want and what government does†. The party is supposed to represent the needs of its members and use the party platform to express these opinions. Through public elections, voters elect those people they feel will best represent them. The Democratic Party and the Republican are the two main parties in the US though other smaller parties emerge occasionally to better represent those who do not feel that they are accurately represented by either of the major parties, usually because of special interests that they have such as environmental or other issues. This structure is typical of a representative democracy in which people are represented by parties and vote for leaders that they feel will work towards their best interests. (Miroff) In reality, the party system is not fully representative or fully functional. On one hand, part of the democratic process allows for the emergence of new parties to represent the people. On the other hand, if the existing parties accurately represented the people then other parties would not be needed. People however do not believe completely in the process, which is evidenced by poor voter turnout and voter apathy. The United States has an extremely low average voter turnout of only 55%. The Constitution guarantees one vote to each citizen over the age of 18, male or female, black or white, etc. This is indicative of a representative democracy in which each adult citizen has an equal say in how the government should be run. If voters do not vote, then the level of representation becomes skewed and the system is not fully representational. (Dine) People associate with not the candidate but with groups that represent their thinking and a special interest. You read "Proliferation of Interest Groups" in category "Papers" A perfect example of this would be the NRA. Voters might not have a lot of opinions but they might have one on gun control. Instead of voting for the person who best reflects his ideas, he votes for the one that the NRA endorses, which in turn makes the NRA and extremely powerful interest group, and can influence congressional votes. In elections, political parties frequently send out mailers to voters that show which candidates running for office, or which of the Senate and House members receive financial support from the NRA. This suddenly reduces the value of every member of Congress to whether or not they have accepted money from the National Rifle Association. This is in turn translated into an assumed meaning on their stand on gun control, while all other issues and stands that they have on those issues are suddenly made unimportant. Their total worth relates to their assumed position on guns. The government in this case is reflecting the will of the big interest even though it’s a single issue. A politician who might reflect very little of his communities values, can be elected by that community by receiving the support of a single-issue influence group. (Berman, Murphy) So the question becomes is this single issue the interest of a big group or the common goal of the majority? Who is pressing the issue and which way is the government going. If large oil companies are â€Å"buying† officials with large contributions to campaigns, are they actually influencing the government or merely a handful of officials and do they actually dictate policy or just have a louder voice in the debates that effect their companies. Misinformation seems to be the guideline of all campaigns now so it becomes almost impossible to figure out just what the goal is of the candidate that you are voting for. Because of that, the elected officials sometimes don’t have a true feeling on what the voters wanted him to do. The power then slides back to the inner circle, which includes advisors who have their own individual desires, and those who paid for his campaign and therefore have vast influence. (Muller) Special interest groups appear to have a great deal of influence in campaigns and in political activities. Campaigns are extremely expensive: in 1992, the average winner of a House election spent $550,000 on his/her campaign; the average Senator who won a race spent more than $4 million. Dine) Presidential campaigns run into the hundreds of millions. Eight years later those numbers are significantly higher. Major contributors to election campaigns are corporations and interest groups. While some people believe certain industries or interest groups â€Å"buy† candidates through election contributions, it is not that simple. Those candidates heavily funded by the Sierra Club or groups that are concerned with environmental protection, will vote in support of environmental conservation – they will vote to reduce logging and not to save the jobs of the individual loggers who did not vote. This is a sort of paradox because the elected leaders are representing those who voted for them and helped them into office, but this group is a large group of special interests rather than the individual citizens who probably did not contribute and did not even vote. When viewed in this way, the US electoral system does not seem to be fully representative of the people and is again reflective of a more hyper pluralist society. A system of government labeled as hyper pluralist, means that there is a rapid proliferation of interest groups, all competing for influence over policy. The interest groups tend to overshadow the interest of individuals. The interest groups are powerful and influential, but there are also interest groups for both sides of most issues. In their battle to win the political coups they each seek, there develops a competition in which the interest groups try to influence politicians to vote for their side. The result is that there are a number of politicians supporting each side of an issue, there are overlapping concerns that related to other interest groups, and the outcome is political gridlock. Usually at this point, for anything to happen, concessions must be made with the end result that if any law is passed, it has little real effect one way or the other. The other possibility is that neither side will make concessions or give up any power in which case there is still nothing accomplished. This is very much the system that we have today. Again, gun control laws are a very good example. Congress goes back and forth arguing the pros and cons of gun control. The NRA is a very powerful interest group that does not want any form of gun control. There are many other interest groups that fight to ban assault weapons, others that want a total ban on guns of all types, some only want handguns banned. The feuding between the different groups is played out through the politicians and very little has been accomplished. Even when a bill is passed, it is oven later overturned. All special interest groups find this ying and yang to the system. There is no large interest that doesn’t have a competing self-interest. Abortion has choice. Industry has the Sierra Club and other environmental groups. The NRA has anti-gun groups. Most of all, Republicans have Democrats. There might be the illusion that the government has been taken over by the special interests and that they control everything, but as we have looked into it we see that the basis of the questions revolves around who exactly is the special interests. It seems to me that they are us. (Peters) And thus we come to the contradictory conclusion that pluralist view of interest group representation is not increasingly accurate. While the public’s perception might be that special interest groups are robbing them of their rights, and in a narrow sense, when it comes to a particular interest that effects them, they may be justified, what the public doesn’t usually understand is that the activity of interest groups is in fact acting out in the interest of them or their fellow citizens. The public further misconceives that special interests influence government, overlooking the fact that special interests are formed, as often as not, as a response to government and not in anticipation of it. How to cite Proliferation of Interest Groups, Papers

English Dakota Access Pipeline Protest

Question: Discuss about the Englishfor Dakota Access Pipeline Protest. Answer: Introduction: The Dakota Access Pipeline Protest has been making news since the spring of this year, as a large number of protestors, residing in the northern part of Dakota are revolting against the governmental decision of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, over the Lake Oahe. The major reason behind this perpetual protest is that the protestors, most of which are the inhabitants of Native America, are complaining that in case of accidental oil spill, their major source of water is going to be affected. Background: The protest of the local inhabitants, is indeed quite justified, as the research studies conducted by the Associated Press from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, claims that since the year of 1995, at least 2000 accidents of oil-spill occurred (Wood 8). These accidents were reported to have been disastrously affected the water resources of the locality. There is indeed no gain stating the fact that the contamination of the source of drinking water is a massive health problem. Discussion: The recent study conducted by Worcester Polytechnic Institute has showed that major oil spills in the past has caused cancer and chronic indigestion problems, among the masses. Considering these reports, the continual rebellion of the local inhabitants of northern Dacota is indeed justified. Besides, it should be noted that as per the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, the construction of any federal project should be initiated, after proper evaluation of its impact on the environment (Mattozi 15). In this case, the pipeline construction does not comply with the environmental laws stated in the NEPA Act. However, the counter-argument shown on side of the government states that in case the oil is transported not through the lake, but through rail, it would lead to greenhouse emission, and that again is a serious issue of global concern. Besides, the government authority have clearly explained that there is not even a little chance of mishap, resulting in oil-spill, as effective measures are being taken on part of the government (Fox 21). Besides, the current President of the USA, Donald Trump, himself holding shares in two of the companies involved in the pipeline construction, is likely to encourage the construction of the pipeline. This might explain why the probability of adverse consequence has been largely underrated and belittled over the last months by the government. Analysis: The organization engaged in the construction of the pipeline claimed that the construction of the project should be encouraged, as it is the safest way of transferring the crude oil from the fields to the refineries. Besides, by now, 92% of the construction process is complete, and hence backing out would be futile (Fox 25). However, it has been observed that the interest and the needs of the local inhabitants have been largely overlooked in the process. Conclusion: In case of an accidental burst of pipeline, the crude oil would go deep and mix up with the water of the Missouri river, which acts as the single source of bathing and drinking water for the large number of inhabitants of the northern Dakota. The legal concern of the project construction is too strong. Final Statement: The protest is quite justified, and though the conflict may not be resolved, the government authority can take steps that can minimize the risk of oil spill. Reference List: Fox, Josh. " The Arrest of Journalists and Filmmakers Covering the Dakota Pipeline Is a Threat to Democracyand the Planet."The Nation, Oct14 (2016). MATTOZZI, SAVIN. "Activists continue to fight against DAPL." (2016). Wood, Roberta. "Protesters' pipeline victory."Guardian (Sydney)1752 (2016): 8.

The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath Quotes

'The Bell Jar' by Sylvia Plath Quotes The Bell Jar  is a famous autobiographical novel by Sylvia Plath, though it was first published under the pseudonym, Victoria Lucas. The novel has been banned and challenged because it deals with mental illness, suicide, and the female experience. Some have claimed that students may be inspired to commit suicide after reading about Esther Greenwoods struggle with mental illness but these claims are unfounded. Here are a few quotes from The Bell Jar. Doreen singled me out right away. She made me feel I was that much sharper than the others, and she really was wonderfully funny. She used to sit next to me at the conference table, and when the visiting celebrities were talking shed whisper witty sarcastic remarks to me under her breath.- Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar, Chapter 1 There is something demoralizing about watching two people get more and more crazy about each other, especially when you are the extra person in the room.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 2 After Doreen left, I wondered why I couldnt go the whole way doing what I should any more. This made me sad and tired. Then I wondered why I couldnt go the whole way doing what I shouldnt, the way Doreen did, and this made me even sadder and more tired.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 3 The sickness rolled through me in great waves. After each wave it would fade away and leave me limp as a wet leaf and shivering all over and then I would feel it rising up in me again, and the glittering white torture chamber tiles under my feet and over my head and all four sides closed in and squeezed me to pieces.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 4 I hate handing over money for what I could just as easily do myself, it makes me nervous.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 5 Buddy kissed me again in front of the house steps, and the next fall, when his scholarship to medical school came through, I went there to see him instead of to Yale and it was there I found out that he had fooled me all those years and what a hypocrite he was.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 5 What a man wants is is an arrow into the future and what a woman is is the place the arrow shoots off from.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 6 She was a fat middle-aged woman with dyed red hair and suspiciously thick lips and rat-colored skin and she wouldnt even turn off the light, so hed had her under a fly-spotted twenty-five-watt bulb, and it was nothing like it was cracked up to be. It was as boring as going to the toilet.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 7 So I began to think maybe it was true that when you were married and had children it was like being brainwashed, and afterward you went about as numb as a slave in a totalitarian state.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 7 If neurotic is wanting two mutually exclusive things at one and the same time, then Im neurotic as hell. Ill be flying back and forth between one mutually exclusive thing and another for the rest of my days.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 8 I felt my lungs inflate with the onrush of scenery- air, mountains, trees, people. I thought, This is what it is to be happy.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 8 Show us how happy it makes you to write a poem.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 9 I had decided I would put off the novel until I had gone to Europe and had a lover.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 10 But when I took up my pen, my hand made big, jerky letters like those of a child, and the lines sloped down the page from left to right almost diagonally, as if they were loops of string lying on the paper, and someone had come along and blown them askew.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 11 There was a uniformity, as if they had lain for a long time on a shelf, out of the sunlight, under siftings of pale, fine dust.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 12 I am I am I am.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 13 I am climbing to my freedom, freedom from fear, freedom from marrying the wrong person, like Buddy Willard, just because of sex, freedom from the Florence Crittenden Homes where all the poor girls go who should have been fitted out like me, because what they did, they would do anyway...- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 18 The bell jar hung, suspended, a few feet above my head. I was open to the circulating air.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 18 Doctor Nolan said, quite bluntly, that a lot of people would treat me gingerly, or even avoid me, like a leper with a warning bell. My mothers face floated to mind, a pale reproachful moon, at her last and first visit to the asylum since my twentieth birthday. A daughter in an asylum! I had done that to her.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 20 There would be a black, six-foot-deep gap backed in the hard ground. That shadow would marry this shadow, and the peculiar yellowish soil of our locality seal the wound in the whiteness, and yet another snowfall erase the newness in Joans grave.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar,  Chapter 20 There ought, I thought, to be a ritual for being born twice- patched, retreaded and approved for the road.- Sylvia Plath,  The Bell Jar

Periodic Table Study Guide - Introduction History

Periodic Table Study Guide - Introduction History Introduction to the Periodic Table People have known about elements like carbon and gold since ancient time. The elements couldnt be changed using any chemical method. Each element has a unique number of protons. If you examine samples of iron and silver, you cant tell how many protons the atoms have. However, you can tell the elements apart because they have different properties. You might notice there are more similarities between iron and silver than between iron and oxygen. Could there be a way to organize the elements so you could tell at a glance which ones had similar properties? What Is the Periodic Table? Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table of the elements similar to the one we use today. You can see Mendeleevs original table (1869). This table showed that when the elements were ordered by increasing atomic weight, a pattern appeared where properties of the elements repeated periodically. This periodic table is a chart that groups the elements according to their similar properties. Why was the Periodic Table Created? Why do you think Mendeleev made a periodic table? Many elements remained to be discovered in Mendeleevs time. The periodic table helped predict the properties of new elements. Mendeleevs Table Compare the modern periodic table with Mendeleevs table. What do you notice? Mendeleevs table didnt have very many elements, did it? He had question marks and spaces between elements, where he predicted undiscovered elements would fit. Discovering Elements Remember changing the number of protons changes the atomic number, which is the number of the element. When you look at the modern periodic table, do you see any skipped atomic numbers that would be undiscovered elements? New elements today arent discovered. They are made. You can still use the periodic table to predict the properties of these new elements. Periodic Properties and Trends The periodic table helps predict some properties of the elements compared to each other. Atom size decreases as you move from left to right across the table and increases as you move down a column. The energy required to remove an electron from an atom increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column. The ability to form a chemical bond increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column. Todays Table The most important difference between Mendeleevs table and todays table is the modern table is organized by increasing atomic number, not increasing atomic weight. Why was the table changed? In 1914, Henry Moseley learned you could experimentally determine the atomic numbers of elements. Before that, atomic numbers were just the order of elements based on increasing atomic weight. Once atomic numbers had significance, the periodic table was reorganized. Introduction | Periods Groups | More about Groups | Review Questions | Quiz Periods and Groups Elements in the periodic table are arranged in periods (rows) and groups (columns). Atomic number increases as you move across a row or period. Periods Rows of elements are called periods. The period number of an element signifies the highest unexcited energy level for an electron in that element. The number of elements in a period increases as you move down the periodic table because there are more sublevels per level as the energy level of the atom increases. Groups Columns of elements help define element groups. Elements within a group share several common properties. Groups are elements have the same outer electron arrangement. The outer electrons are called valence electrons. Because they have the same number of valence electrons, elements in a group share similar chemical properties. The Roman numerals listed above each group are the usual number of valence electrons. For example, a group VA element will have 5 valence electrons. Representative vs. Transition Elements There are two sets of groups. The group A elements are called the representative elements. The group B elements are the nonrepresentative elements. What Is on the Element Key? Each square on the periodic table gives information about an element. On many printed periodic tables you can find an elements symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. Introduction | Periods Groups | More about Groups | Review Questions | Quiz Classifying Elements Elements are classified according to their properties. The major categories of elements are the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals You see metals every day. Aluminum foil is a metal. Gold and silver are metals. If someone asks you whether an element is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal and you dont know the answer, guess that its a metal. What are Properties of Metals? Metals share some common properties. They are lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be hammered), and are good conductors of heat and electricity. These properties result from the ability to easily move the electrons in the outer shells of metal atoms. What are the Metals? Most elements are metals. There are so many metals, they are divided into groups: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals. The transition metals can be divided into smaller groups, such as the lanthanides and actinides. Group 1: Alkali Metals The alkali metals are located in Group IA (first column) of the periodic table. Sodium and potassium are examples of these elements. Alkali metals form salts and many other compounds. These elements are less dense than other metals, form ions with a 1 charge, and have the largest atom sizes of elements in their periods. The alkali metals are highly reactive. Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals The alkaline earths are located in Group IIA (second column) of the periodic table. Calcium and magnesium are examples of alkaline earths. These metals form many compounds. They have ions with a 2 charge. Their atoms are smaller than those of the alkali metals. Groups 3-12: Transition Metals The transition elements are located in groups IB to VIIIB. Iron and gold are examples of transition metals. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling points. The transition metals are good electrical conductors and are very malleable. They form positively charged ions. The transition metals include most of the elements, so they can be categorized into smaller groups. The lanthanides and actinides are classes of transition elements. Another way to group transition metals is into triads, which are metals with very similar properties, usually found together. Metal Triads The iron triad consists of iron, cobalt, and nickel. Just under iron, cobalt, and nickel is the palladium triad of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium, while under them is the platinum triad of osmium, iridium, and platinum. Lanthanides When you look at the periodic table, youll see there is a block of two rows of elements below the main body of the chart. The top row has atomic numbers following lanthanum. These elements are called the lanthanides. The lanthanides are silvery metals that tarnish easily. They are relatively soft metals, with high melting and boiling points. The lanthanides react to form many different compounds. These elements are used in lamps, magnets, lasers, and to improve the properties of other metals. Actinides The actinides are in the row below the lanthanides. Their atomic numbers follow actinium. All of the actinides are radioactive, with positively charged ions. They are reactive metals that form compounds with most nonmetals. The actinides are used in medicines and nuclear devices. Groups 13-15: Not all Metals Groups 13-15 include some metals, some metalloids, and some nonmetals. Why are these groups mixed? The transition from metal to nonmetal is gradual. Even though these elements arent similar enough to have groups contained within single columns, they share some common properties. You can predict how many electrons are needed to complete an electron shell. The metals in these groups are called basic metals. Nonmetals Metalloids Elements that dont have the properties of metals are called nonmetals. Some elements have some, but not all of the properties of the metals. These elements are called metalloids. What are Properties of Nonmetals? The nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Solid nonmetals are brittle and lack metallic luster. Most nonmetals gain electrons easily. The nonmetals are located on the upper right side of the periodic table, separated from metals by a line that cuts diagonally through the periodic table. The nonmetals can be divided into classes of elements that have similar properties. The halogens and the noble gases are two groups of nonmetals. Group 17: Halogens The halogens are located in Group VIIA of the periodic table. Examples of halogens are chlorine and iodine. You find these elements in bleaches, disinfectants, and salts. These nonmetals form ions with a -1 charge. The physical properties of the halogens vary. The halogens are highly reactive. Group 18: Noble Gases The noble gases are located in Group VIII of the periodic table. Helium and neon are examples of noble gases. These elements are used to make lighted signs, refrigerants, and lasers. The noble gases are not reactive. This is because they have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. Hydrogen Hydrogen has a single positive charge, like the alkali metals, but at room temperature, it is a gas that doesnt act like a metal. Therefore, hydrogen usually is labeled as a nonmetal. What are the Properties of the Metalloids? Elements that have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals are called metalloids. Silicon and germanium are examples of metalloids. The boiling points, melting points, and densities of the metalloids vary. The metalloids make good semiconductors. The metalloids are located along the diagonal line between the metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. Common Trends in Mixed Groups Remember that even in mixed groups of elements, the trends in the periodic table still hold true. Atom size, ease of removing electrons, and ability to form bonds can be predicted as you move across and down the table. Introduction | Periods Groups | More about Groups | Review Questions | Quiz Test your comprehension of this periodic table lesson by seeing if you can answer the following questions: Review Questions The modern periodic table isnt the only way to categorize the elements. What are some other ways you could list and organize the elements?List the properties of the metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Name an example of each type of element.Where in their group would you expect to find elements with the largest atoms? (top, center, bottom)Compare and contrast the halogens and noble gases.What properties can you use to tell the alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals apart?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Service Contracts and Production Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Service Contracts and Production Sharing Contracts - Essay Example In many countries where oil and gas are being produced, made abrupt and unilateral changes in the already executed agreements. This unilateral change at the end of oil and gas producing countries hit hard the investors. This would definitely shake the confidence of the investors who invested a lot of money in oil and gas projects. The governments of Venezuela and Bolivia have gone to the extent of breaking the contracts or termination of licenses at their own sweet will. This move can be branded as â€Å"resource nationalization†. To lessen the negative impact on the profitability of the investing companies, the sovereign governments of Canada, UK and the USA have proposed compensation in terms of further extension of their contracts on soft terms to address this issue1. To safeguard the interest of the investor companies came from abroad, the effective legislation is necessary to mitigate the risks associated with it. However, the legislation in this respect varies from count ry to country. This does not only effectively take care of the interest of the host countries but the interest of the investors those who are in the run. ... On the other hand, the state in return will receive royalty payments, income tax and other liveable taxes on the oil and gas producing companies. Contrary to that as per PSC the government will be the owner of all oils and gas productions, and the IOC will act as technical and financial services provider to take care of oil exploration and the development of oil wells / gas fields. Alternatively production will be shared between IOCs and the State in line with the provisions of PSC3. In the developing dominions, PSC system is an effective tool to access oil and gas exploration as well as development of oil wells. As per Johnston view, this access dependable on the political system of that country. As far as functional and financial considerations, the PSC system is more or less at par with concessionary system. The only difference between the two is the management control and its effective implementation4. Upstream Oil & Gas Agreements Overview Upstream agreements in fact create and establish legal business entity and working relationship between the sovereign government and the individual who owns land of exploration for oil and gas. The agreement is a legal document where rights and obligations of the stakeholders are clearly defined, leaving no ambiguity5. In the developed countries like USA, Canada and the UK where two forms of agreements are in existence. One is for the execution of individual land owner for exploration of oil and gas, the other one between the host government and the investor. The agreement executed between the host country and the investment company is called â€Å"Concession Agreement and the Production Sharing Contract† 6. In other words the